{"id":15014,"date":"2024-08-19T11:38:01","date_gmt":"2024-08-19T09:38:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hln-genetik.at\/patient-information\/unfulfilled-desire-to-have-children\/"},"modified":"2026-05-22T19:28:33","modified_gmt":"2026-05-22T17:28:33","slug":"unfulfilled-desire-to-have-children","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/hln-genetik.at\/en\/patient-information\/unfulfilled-desire-to-have-children\/","title":{"rendered":"Unfulfilled desire to have children"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"15014\" class=\"elementor elementor-15014 elementor-10670\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe7e95d u-container e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"fe7e95d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-841abf7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"841abf7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-910d7e9 exclude_from_toc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"910d7e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Unfulfilled desire to have children<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d555a20 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d555a20\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>For many couples, the desire to start a family is a central life goal. However, around 15\u201320% of all couples in Austria struggle with an unfulfilled desire to have children. The reasons are varied and affect both women and men. A thorough diagnostic work-up of the causes is crucial in order to identify the best possible treatment options.    <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30e9060 u-container e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"30e9060\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22aa1a6 exclude_from_toc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"22aa1a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The importance of genetic diagnostics<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd09937 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bd09937\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>When couples have difficulty conceiving, genetic factors can play an important role. Genetic diagnostics help identify the exact causes of the fertility disorder, which can be crucial for choosing the right treatment. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-308bae8 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"308bae8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;,&quot;h4&quot;,&quot;h5&quot;,&quot;h6&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;numbers&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No headings were found on this page.&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tOverview\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__308bae8\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__308bae8\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__308bae8\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c8cc39 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1c8cc39\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Genetic causes<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a0f30c elementor-view-framed elementor-position-inline-start elementor-mobile-position-inline-start elementor-shape-circle elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"0a0f30c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-mars\" viewBox=\"0 0 384 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M372 64h-79c-10.7 0-16 12.9-8.5 20.5l16.9 16.9-80.7 80.7c-22.2-14-48.5-22.1-76.7-22.1C64.5 160 0 224.5 0 304s64.5 144 144 144 144-64.5 144-144c0-28.2-8.1-54.5-22.1-76.7l80.7-80.7 16.9 16.9c7.6 7.6 20.5 2.2 20.5-8.5V76c0-6.6-5.4-12-12-12zM144 384c-44.1 0-80-35.9-80-80s35.9-80 80-80 80 35.9 80 80-35.9 80-80 80z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGenetic causes in men\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c851a4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c851a4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A common cause of male infertility is impaired sperm production, which may be due to genetic issues. For example: <br><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fbb0dd4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fbb0dd4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Disorders of spermatogenesis<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca5d851 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ca5d851\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>These refer to problems in the process of sperm formation in the testes, which can be disrupted by genetic or other factors. Such disorders can lead to reduced sperm count and quality, significantly impairing fertility. For example, oligozoospermia results in a lower sperm concentration in the ejaculate, while azoospermia means no sperm are present at all. Treatment options vary depending on the cause; in some cases, testicular sperm extraction (TESE) followed by in vitro fertilisation (IVF) may be considered.   <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-520052c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"520052c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Chromosomal abnormalities<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70468d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70468d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Such as Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY) can negatively affect sperm production. These abnormalities affect the number or structure of chromosomes and are detectable in around 15% of men with azoospermia. After diagnosis, genetic counselling is essential to understand the impact on fertility and to discuss appropriate treatment options.  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c143d88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c143d88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Y-chromosome microdeletions<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f86b6c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f86b6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>These are small genetic losses in specific regions of the Y chromosome that are necessary for spermatogenesis. These microdeletions, particularly in the AZF regions (azoospermia factors), are common genetic causes of non-obstructive azoospermia. Such deletions are found in around 15\u201320% of men with this form of azoospermia and in around 7\u201310% of men with severe oligozoospermia. A precise diagnosis is important because, with certain deletions such as in the AZFc region, it may be possible to retrieve sperm via TESE.   <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a002bc4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a002bc4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">CFTR gene mutations<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a697aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a697aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Known as the main cause of cystic fibrosis, they can also lead to obstructive azoospermia, in which the vas deferens are blocked or not properly developed. This genetic change affects around 80% of men with congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (CBAVD), a specific form of azoospermia. Detailed genetic analysis is essential for diagnosis and treatment, as it helps determine the best possible reproductive options, including techniques such as TESE or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5670bb1 elementor-view-framed elementor-position-inline-start elementor-mobile-position-inline-start elementor-shape-circle elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"5670bb1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-mars\" viewBox=\"0 0 384 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M372 64h-79c-10.7 0-16 12.9-8.5 20.5l16.9 16.9-80.7 80.7c-22.2-14-48.5-22.1-76.7-22.1C64.5 160 0 224.5 0 304s64.5 144 144 144 144-64.5 144-144c0-28.2-8.1-54.5-22.1-76.7l80.7-80.7 16.9 16.9c7.6 7.6 20.5 2.2 20.5-8.5V76c0-6.6-5.4-12-12-12zM144 384c-44.1 0-80-35.9-80-80s35.9-80 80-80 80 35.9 80 80-35.9 80-80 80z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGenetic causes in women\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b366b41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b366b41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Genetic factors can also play a role in infertility in women.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49409 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4e49409\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-949a48d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"949a48d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This is a form of ovarian insufficiency in which genetic causes such as Turner syndrome (45,X) may play a role. These chromosomal abnormalities impair normal ovarian function and can lead to infertility. Around 10% of affected women have such a sex-chromosome aberration. In these cases, chromosomal analysis is important to clarify the cause of infertility.   <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-07b5e09 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"07b5e09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Premutations in the FMR1 gene<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a13f14b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a13f14b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>These are another genetic cause of infertility in women. These premutations increase the risk of premature ovarian insufficiency, in which the ovaries stop functioning early. Women with such genetic changes also have an increased risk of having children with fragile X syndrome, a condition associated with intellectual disability and behavioural disorders.  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91e7134 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"91e7134\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aae7e62 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aae7e62\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This occurs in women when the production of gonadotropic hormones, which are essential for ovarian function, is disrupted. This rare condition is often genetic and can be caused by mutations in various genes. The condition is relatively uncommon but affects a woman\u2019s ability to conceive naturally.  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1af83f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d1af83f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hyperandrogenaemia <\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1a7281 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d1a7281\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This describes an increased level of male hormones in the blood and is often caused by genetic disorders such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). This disorder can impair fertility and requires specialised genetic diagnostics to identify the underlying enzyme defect and enable appropriate treatment. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d7eea5 elementor-view-framed elementor-position-inline-start elementor-mobile-position-inline-start elementor-shape-circle elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"3d7eea5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-venus-mars\" viewBox=\"0 0 576 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M564 0h-79c-10.7 0-16 12.9-8.5 20.5l16.9 16.9-48.7 48.7C422.5 72.1 396.2 64 368 64c-33.7 0-64.6 11.6-89.2 30.9 14 16.7 25 36 32.1 57.1 14.5-14.8 34.7-24 57.1-24 44.1 0 80 35.9 80 80s-35.9 80-80 80c-22.3 0-42.6-9.2-57.1-24-7.1 21.1-18 40.4-32.1 57.1 24.5 19.4 55.5 30.9 89.2 30.9 79.5 0 144-64.5 144-144 0-28.2-8.1-54.5-22.1-76.7l48.7-48.7 16.9 16.9c2.4 2.4 5.4 3.5 8.4 3.5 6.2 0 12.1-4.8 12.1-12V12c0-6.6-5.4-12-12-12zM144 64C64.5 64 0 128.5 0 208c0 68.5 47.9 125.9 112 140.4V400H76c-6.6 0-12 5.4-12 12v40c0 6.6 5.4 12 12 12h36v36c0 6.6 5.4 12 12 12h40c6.6 0 12-5.4 12-12v-36h36c6.6 0 12-5.4 12-12v-40c0-6.6-5.4-12-12-12h-36v-51.6c64.1-14.6 112-71.9 112-140.4 0-79.5-64.5-144-144-144zm0 224c-44.1 0-80-35.9-80-80s35.9-80 80-80 80 35.9 80 80-35.9 80-80 80z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGenetic causes in couples\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54ce254 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"54ce254\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">KIR and HLA-C genotypes<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b350a42 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b350a42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The interaction between natural killer cells (NK cells) in the uterine lining and the developing embryo is among the immunological factors that significantly influence the establishment and continuation of a pregnancy. This interaction is mediated by killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR), which are expressed by uterine NK cells, and HLA-C antigens on the surface of the trophoblast. Both the KIR gene family and the HLA-C molecules exhibit extremely high genetic variability. Although the complex interplay between these two gene systems has not yet been fully clarified, there is evidence that certain combinations of maternal KIR genotypes and fetal HLA-C molecules are associated with a higher risk of implantation failure, recurrent miscarriage, and pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia.   <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"134245417\":false,\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559740\":288}\"> <\/span><\/p><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">KIR and HLA-C genotyping as part of reproductive medicine treatment is performed by analysing the genomic DNA of the couple trying to conceive. This involves assessing which sets of activating and inhibitory KIR are present in the woman and determining the man\u2019s HLA-C genotype (HLA-C1\/C1, HLA-C1\/C2 or HLA-C2\/C2). If gamete donation is required for treatment, the egg donor or sperm donor will also undergo HLA-C genotyping.  <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"134245417\":false,\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559740\":288}\"> <\/span><\/p><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">At present, immunological understanding of the KIR\u2013HLA-C interaction is not sufficient to conclusively establish a causal relationship between specific parental genotypes and the occurrence of implantation failure, recurrent miscarriages, or pregnancy complications. However, various studies show that the information obtained from KIR and HLA genotyping can help <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"134245417\":false,\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559740\":288}\"> <\/span><\/p><ul><li data-leveltext=\"\u2022\" data-font=\"\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{\"335551671\":0,\"335552541\":1,\"335559685\":720,\"335559991\":360,\"469769242\":[8226],\"469777803\":\"left\",\"469777804\":\"\u2022\",\"469777815\":\"multilevel\"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"0\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">determine the optimal number of embryos for transfer in an IVF cycle<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"134245417\":false,\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559740\":288}\"> <\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li data-leveltext=\"\u2022\" data-font=\"\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{\"335551671\":0,\"335552541\":1,\"335559685\":720,\"335559991\":360,\"469769242\":[8226],\"469777803\":\"left\",\"469777804\":\"\u2022\",\"469777815\":\"multilevel\"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">prevent possible complications during pregnancy, and<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"134245417\":false,\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559740\":288}\"> <\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li data-leveltext=\"\u2022\" data-font=\"\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{\"335551671\":0,\"335552541\":1,\"335559685\":720,\"335559991\":360,\"469769242\":[8226],\"469777803\":\"left\",\"469777804\":\"\u2022\",\"469777815\":\"multilevel\"}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">in the case of gamete donation, select a donor whose HLA-C genotype is immunologically compatible with the future mother\u2019s KIR genotype<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"134245417\":false,\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":6,\"335551620\":6,\"335559740\":288}\"> <\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ba3612 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7ba3612\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relevance for affected couples<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-842aa66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"842aa66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>For couples with an unfulfilled desire to have children, it is important to undergo comprehensive evaluation to identify the exact cause of the fertility disorder. Genetic diagnostics play a key role here, as they help develop targeted treatment strategies. In many cases, an assisted reproduction technique such as in vitro fertilisation (IVF), combined with genetic counselling and diagnostics, can lead to the desired success.  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e154409 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e154409\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Do you have questions or need detailed advice? We will be happy to help you find a suitable fertility centre: <a href=\"https:\/\/hln-genetik.at\/en\/home\/#kontakt-id\">Contact<\/a> <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f539c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"6f539c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/hln-genetik.at\/en\/home\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Back<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Patient information on unfulfilled desire to have children<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":15015,"parent":14909,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-15014","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hln-genetik.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15014","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hln-genetik.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hln-genetik.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hln-genetik.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hln-genetik.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15014"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/hln-genetik.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15014\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15016,"href":"https:\/\/hln-genetik.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15014\/revisions\/15016"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hln-genetik.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14909"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hln-genetik.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15015"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hln-genetik.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15014"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}